Display Current Config for all NIC's: ifconfig
Display Current Config for eth0: ifconfig eth0
Assign IP: ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2
Ping: ping -c 3 192.168.1.1
Assign multiple IP's: ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.1.2
Assign second IP: ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.1.3
Disable network card: ifconfig eth0 down
Enable network card: ifconfig eth0 up
View current routing table: route "or" route -n
View arp cache: arp "or" arp -n
Assign IP/Subnet: ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0
Assign Default Gateway: route add default gw 192.168.1.1
Trace Route: traceroute www.whatismyip.com
Trace Path: tracepath www.whatismyip.com
DNS Test: host www.whatismyip.com
Advanced DNS Test: dig www.whatismyip.com
Reverse Lookup: host 66.11.119.69
Advanced Reverse Lookup: dig -x 66.11.119.69
*You MUST be at the ROOT user to make/save any changes. Linux users, your distribution will determine the location of your network config file which will need to be updated and saved in order for the changes to remain in effect after rebooting. Network cards are referred to as eth0, eth1, eth2, etc based on their position on the PCI bus.
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
Monday, October 26, 2009
What Is DHCP?
What Is DHCP?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
In simple terms, DHCP determines if your IP is static or dynamic.
DHCP is controlled by a DHCP server. Your router can be a DHCP server...and if you're on a home network, it most likely is your DHCP server.
I know this might be confusing because the word dynamic is in the term, but just because you have DHCP enabled on your computer doesn't mean you can't be assigned a static IP. DHCP enabled on your computer simply means you're letting a DHCP server assign its IP. Having it enabled DOES NOT mean it's a DHCP server.
A true DHCP server (not your Linksys router) gives the LAN Admin a ton of control with IP assigning.
Ever print to a network printer? Ever wonder how that printer keeps its network assignment? Probably through DHCP. Each network device has a MAC address. You can assign a static IP at the DHCP server to a specific MAC address. This allows the network printer to always get the same IP even after it reboots and without assigning the IP at the printer. If you print the network configuration at the printer, it will probably tell you that DHCP is enabled and no static IP is assigned. That's because the IP assignment is handled at the DHCP server.
Your ISP has a DHCP server. They can assign IPs by modem MAC addresses. When your modem comes online, it communicates to the network indicating it is looking for an IP address. The DHCP server listens to this communication and starts talking to the modem. The modem then transmits its MAC address to the DHCP server. At that point, either an IP has been reserved for the modem or one is assigned at that time. Hence cloning your MAC address to get a new IP from your ISP.
Routers and DHCP - Under the General Setup or LAN Setup tab in your router, you'll see a settings option for DHCP. You can control how many IPs are assigned or to enable/disable the DHCP server portion of the router. If you disable it, you'll have to statically assign IPs to each computer, or have a DHCP server or your network. This goes for wired and wireless. Any connection on your network has an IP address.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
In simple terms, DHCP determines if your IP is static or dynamic.
DHCP is controlled by a DHCP server. Your router can be a DHCP server...and if you're on a home network, it most likely is your DHCP server.
I know this might be confusing because the word dynamic is in the term, but just because you have DHCP enabled on your computer doesn't mean you can't be assigned a static IP. DHCP enabled on your computer simply means you're letting a DHCP server assign its IP. Having it enabled DOES NOT mean it's a DHCP server.
A true DHCP server (not your Linksys router) gives the LAN Admin a ton of control with IP assigning.
Ever print to a network printer? Ever wonder how that printer keeps its network assignment? Probably through DHCP. Each network device has a MAC address. You can assign a static IP at the DHCP server to a specific MAC address. This allows the network printer to always get the same IP even after it reboots and without assigning the IP at the printer. If you print the network configuration at the printer, it will probably tell you that DHCP is enabled and no static IP is assigned. That's because the IP assignment is handled at the DHCP server.
Your ISP has a DHCP server. They can assign IPs by modem MAC addresses. When your modem comes online, it communicates to the network indicating it is looking for an IP address. The DHCP server listens to this communication and starts talking to the modem. The modem then transmits its MAC address to the DHCP server. At that point, either an IP has been reserved for the modem or one is assigned at that time. Hence cloning your MAC address to get a new IP from your ISP.
Routers and DHCP - Under the General Setup or LAN Setup tab in your router, you'll see a settings option for DHCP. You can control how many IPs are assigned or to enable/disable the DHCP server portion of the router. If you disable it, you'll have to statically assign IPs to each computer, or have a DHCP server or your network. This goes for wired and wireless. Any connection on your network has an IP address.
Sunday, October 25, 2009
What is an IP or an IPA?
Internet Protocol Address:
This number is an exclusive number all information technology devices (printers, routers, modems, et al) use which identifies and allows them the ability to communicate with each other on a computer network. There is a standard of communication which is called an Internet Protocol standard (IP). In laymans terms it is the same as your home address. In order for you to receive snail mail at home the sending party must have your correct mailing address (IP address) in your town (network) or you do not receive bills, pizza coupons or your tax refund. The same is true for all equipment on the internet. Without this specific address, information cannot be received. IP addresses may either be assigned permanently for an Email server/Business server or a permanent home resident or temporarily, from a pool of available addresses (first come first serve) from your Internet Service Provider. A permanent number may not be available in all areas and may cost extra so be sure to ask your ISP.Friday, October 23, 2009
How to Install DSL !
Modem Setup:
1. Installing Phone Filters:
You must install the included Phone Line Filters on every device (phones, fax machine, satellite receivers etc.) that is connected to the same line as your new DSL.
2. Installing DSL Modem
1. Plug the included Phone Line Splitter into your Wall Jack. If you are going to be using another device (phone, fax machine, satellite receiver etc.) plug-in one of your Phone Line filters into the Splitter and then plug your phone into the filter. On the other side of the splitter hookup your DSL modem directly with the supplied phone cable. Be sure to plug it into the LINE or DSL port on the back of your modem.
2. Make sure your computer is turned off.
3. Take the supplied Ethernet cable and plug it into the LAN or ETHERNET port on the back of the modem. Plug the other end of the cable into the Ethernet port on the computer.
4. Plug the supplied power cord into the modem and then into an available plug nearby. Once you plug-in the power supply, the modem will turn on automatically. If there is a switch on the back of the modem make sure to flip it to the ON position.
5. Once the READY, SYNC/PPPoE or LINE light on the front of the modem stops blinking, turn your computer on and you will be ready to surf the internet!
6. If the READY, SYNC/PPPoE or LINE light continues to blink for longer than a few minutes and it is PAST your scheduled due date for DSL, please call Technical Support.
1. Installing Phone Filters:
You must install the included Phone Line Filters on every device (phones, fax machine, satellite receivers etc.) that is connected to the same line as your new DSL.
2. Installing DSL Modem
1. Plug the included Phone Line Splitter into your Wall Jack. If you are going to be using another device (phone, fax machine, satellite receiver etc.) plug-in one of your Phone Line filters into the Splitter and then plug your phone into the filter. On the other side of the splitter hookup your DSL modem directly with the supplied phone cable. Be sure to plug it into the LINE or DSL port on the back of your modem.
2. Make sure your computer is turned off.
3. Take the supplied Ethernet cable and plug it into the LAN or ETHERNET port on the back of the modem. Plug the other end of the cable into the Ethernet port on the computer.
4. Plug the supplied power cord into the modem and then into an available plug nearby. Once you plug-in the power supply, the modem will turn on automatically. If there is a switch on the back of the modem make sure to flip it to the ON position.
5. Once the READY, SYNC/PPPoE or LINE light on the front of the modem stops blinking, turn your computer on and you will be ready to surf the internet!
6. If the READY, SYNC/PPPoE or LINE light continues to blink for longer than a few minutes and it is PAST your scheduled due date for DSL, please call Technical Support.
Optimizing a Slow Computer
A fast, optimized computer has noticeably better home and Internet performance. This article describes risk-free tips for a system that is behaving normally.
1) Reboot a computer that's run for several days, or if programs froze recently.
2) Keep at least 25% of each hard drive free. A drive with 10% free space will have performance problems.
3) Run the defragmenter once a month. A disk with little free space, that is also fragmented, definitely has problems. In Windows 2000: Start > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmenter.
4) If your computer was low-end 2 years ago, or midrange 3 years ago, its overall design is limiting your performance. Upgrading CPU or RAM may help, but the benefit won't necessarily be worth the cost. New desktop computers with reasonable performance for many users can be purchased for well under $1000.
5) Unused programs waste memory and CPU. Don't leave them open or minimize them, shut them down.
6) Any item in Start > Programs > Startup slows your computer booting and will later drain computer resources. It's just as easy to run these programs when you need them. Typical exceptions are an anti-virus, a printer, or a gamma correction program.
7) Remove the Microsoft Office Task Bar, which runs in the background all the time. You can still run the Microsoft programs when you actually need them.
8) While screen savers are fun, they may slow programs, causing some to crash. To conserve your screen and to save energy, turn the power off, or use a power-saver feature.
Avoid "Popular" Ways to Improve Computer Performance
The Internet, Web popups, and newsgroups are full of suggestions to radically improve computer performance. Unless you plan to spend considerable, regular effort optimizing and testing your computer performance, ignore them. It's a good bet that if HP, IBM, Dell or Gateway had a sure method for increasing their computer performance at no risk and reasonable cost — they would have done it. In situations where your computer is mainly used for one thing, say, game-playing or video processing, you can probably optimize it (though at the expense of other programs' performance or features).
Windows XP users might invest a small amount of time to good advantage with Microsoft's How to Set Performance Options in Windows XP. The suggestions are relatively simple and safe, and in any case, the effects can be reversed if something goes wrong.
Sunday, October 11, 2009
Text Version: Sipura Setup on Asterisk
CONNECTING
Sipura phone adapter has one RJ-45 connector, two RJ-11 and a power-supply jack. Connect the RJ-45 input to the network you are using. The RJ-11 input labeled ‘phone’ has to be connected to a regular PSTN phone and the second RJ-11 input labeled ‘line’ is to be connected to a regular PSTN phone line. If you do not plan to use regular phone line you can leave this input empty. The power-supply jack has to be connected to the electrical network and this way the adapter has to be working. If everything is properly connected a small green light must be blinking.
CONFIGURATION
The basic network settings have to be done via the phone. Further on for other adjustments you can use the Sipura adapter web interface.
To enter the Sipura Configuration Menu you have to click the star button four times ( * * * * ).
Dial Action
**** Enter Menu
Explanation: when you hear ‘Sipura configuration menu’ enter option followed by pound key or hang up
100# Check DHCP
Explanation: you will hear whether your DHCP is enabled or disabled
101# Set DHCP -> to disable enter ‘0’ and to enable enter ‘1’
Explanation: enter option followed by pound key
110# Check IP address
Explanation: enter option followed by pound key
111# Set IP address -> enter IP address using phone’s keypad numbers and * (star) for decimal point
Explanation: enter IP followed by #. If DHCP is disabled you will hear ‘Invalid Option’.
120# Check Network Mask
Explanation: Enter option followed by pound key
121# Set Network Mask -> enter network mask using phone’s keypad numbers and * (star) for decimal point
Enter mask followed by #. If DHCP is disabled you will hear ‘Invalid Option’
130# Check Gateway
Explanation: Enter option followed by pound key
131# Set Gateway -> enter gateway address using phone’s keypad numbers and * (star) for decimal point
Explanation: Enter gateway followed by #. If DHCP is disabled you will hear ‘Invalid Option’
If you have DHCP you can just check the Sipura’s IP address from the Configuration Menu with 110#. When you have the IP address you can do all further adjustments from the web interface. The URL will be http://IP_address/.
ADJUSTING
When you enter the web interface you can login as user or as admistrator. Both types have basic and advanced settings and also you can set password for each of them. For you it will be enough to do the basic settings logged as administrator.
Here you will find for your system information (DHCP settings, IP address, primary and secondary DNS address, Gateway, Network mask and host name), product information (product name and serial number, firmware and hardware version, MAC address), system status (current time, broadcast packages and bytes – send, received and dropped, RTP packages and bytes – send, received and dropped, SIP messages and bytes – send and received) and line status and PSTN line status. When you open the site for first time the Info there will be not what expect, to start setting the things on let us move to the next submenu ‘System’.
In this submenu you can adjust your network and internet settings. You can enable web server and set password for the user account. According to the internet connection type you can choose between enabled and disabled DHCP. I prefer to set static IP address therefore I set the DHCP to no. Then set the IP address I would like to have – 10.10.0.24 with proper network maks 255.0.0.0 and gateway 10.0.0.1.
For the optional network settings you can just set some host name, domain if you are in domain and DNS. As you can see I set sipura for hostname and DNS 10.0.0.22.
Note: When you submit the changes you made note that if you had changed the IP address for the Sipura, the URL will also change. But anyway it remains http://IP_Address/.
Next submenu - SIP settings does not need any changes to be done. Anyway if you think you want you can have a look at it, but I the default settings are seems good enough.
Submenu ‘Regional’ is for settings regional date and time.
At the top the most important thing to do, in order to register the user, is to enable the line. Leave the SIP port as set by default to 5060. In proxy and registration set the proxy to your SIP server – in my case it is 10.3.3.34 and choose ‘yes’ for register. In subscriber information register the user you have in Asterisk, here you see I use jon with some password and user ID. Here it is how the user is registered in asterisk -> /etc/asterisk/sip.conf
You can see above I have in Asterisk user [jon] who can call and can be called type=friend with password secret=jon123, and this user is joined to the sipura context – context=sipura.
Now you can write some extension in extensions.conf. For example
[sipura]
exten => 1234, 1, Dial(SIP/sipura)
Here when you dial 1234 the PSTN phone connected to the sipura adapter will be contacted.
For more information about how to make the configurations in the Asterisk's configuration files please read our tutorial about the Configuring IP Phones for use with Asterisk
Note: I hope you already know that you have to reload asterisk every time you change something in order to update the change.
Further on in Line1 submenu you can choose audio codec, but I prefer the default one – G.711 uLaw.
Now we have the phone configured for voip calls. You can find some useful information in http://www.sipura.com/products/spa3000.htm.
Graphical link with images
Sipura phone adapter has one RJ-45 connector, two RJ-11 and a power-supply jack. Connect the RJ-45 input to the network you are using. The RJ-11 input labeled ‘phone’ has to be connected to a regular PSTN phone and the second RJ-11 input labeled ‘line’ is to be connected to a regular PSTN phone line. If you do not plan to use regular phone line you can leave this input empty. The power-supply jack has to be connected to the electrical network and this way the adapter has to be working. If everything is properly connected a small green light must be blinking.
CONFIGURATION
The basic network settings have to be done via the phone. Further on for other adjustments you can use the Sipura adapter web interface.
To enter the Sipura Configuration Menu you have to click the star button four times ( * * * * ).
Dial Action
**** Enter Menu
Explanation: when you hear ‘Sipura configuration menu’ enter option followed by pound key or hang up
100# Check DHCP
Explanation: you will hear whether your DHCP is enabled or disabled
101# Set DHCP -> to disable enter ‘0’ and to enable enter ‘1’
Explanation: enter option followed by pound key
110# Check IP address
Explanation: enter option followed by pound key
111# Set IP address -> enter IP address using phone’s keypad numbers and * (star) for decimal point
Explanation: enter IP followed by #. If DHCP is disabled you will hear ‘Invalid Option’.
120# Check Network Mask
Explanation: Enter option followed by pound key
121# Set Network Mask -> enter network mask using phone’s keypad numbers and * (star) for decimal point
Enter mask followed by #. If DHCP is disabled you will hear ‘Invalid Option’
130# Check Gateway
Explanation: Enter option followed by pound key
131# Set Gateway -> enter gateway address using phone’s keypad numbers and * (star) for decimal point
Explanation: Enter gateway followed by #. If DHCP is disabled you will hear ‘Invalid Option’
If you have DHCP you can just check the Sipura’s IP address from the Configuration Menu with 110#. When you have the IP address you can do all further adjustments from the web interface. The URL will be http://IP_address/.
ADJUSTING
When you enter the web interface you can login as user or as admistrator. Both types have basic and advanced settings and also you can set password for each of them. For you it will be enough to do the basic settings logged as administrator.
Here you will find for your system information (DHCP settings, IP address, primary and secondary DNS address, Gateway, Network mask and host name), product information (product name and serial number, firmware and hardware version, MAC address), system status (current time, broadcast packages and bytes – send, received and dropped, RTP packages and bytes – send, received and dropped, SIP messages and bytes – send and received) and line status and PSTN line status. When you open the site for first time the Info there will be not what expect, to start setting the things on let us move to the next submenu ‘System’.
In this submenu you can adjust your network and internet settings. You can enable web server and set password for the user account. According to the internet connection type you can choose between enabled and disabled DHCP. I prefer to set static IP address therefore I set the DHCP to no. Then set the IP address I would like to have – 10.10.0.24 with proper network maks 255.0.0.0 and gateway 10.0.0.1.
For the optional network settings you can just set some host name, domain if you are in domain and DNS. As you can see I set sipura for hostname and DNS 10.0.0.22.
Note: When you submit the changes you made note that if you had changed the IP address for the Sipura, the URL will also change. But anyway it remains http://IP_Address/.
Next submenu - SIP settings does not need any changes to be done. Anyway if you think you want you can have a look at it, but I the default settings are seems good enough.
Submenu ‘Regional’ is for settings regional date and time.
At the top the most important thing to do, in order to register the user, is to enable the line. Leave the SIP port as set by default to 5060. In proxy and registration set the proxy to your SIP server – in my case it is 10.3.3.34 and choose ‘yes’ for register. In subscriber information register the user you have in Asterisk, here you see I use jon with some password and user ID. Here it is how the user is registered in asterisk -> /etc/asterisk/sip.conf
You can see above I have in Asterisk user [jon] who can call and can be called type=friend with password secret=jon123, and this user is joined to the sipura context – context=sipura.
Now you can write some extension in extensions.conf. For example
[sipura]
exten => 1234, 1, Dial(SIP/sipura)
Here when you dial 1234 the PSTN phone connected to the sipura adapter will be contacted.
For more information about how to make the configurations in the Asterisk's configuration files please read our tutorial about the Configuring IP Phones for use with Asterisk
Note: I hope you already know that you have to reload asterisk every time you change something in order to update the change.
Further on in Line1 submenu you can choose audio codec, but I prefer the default one – G.711 uLaw.
Now we have the phone configured for voip calls. You can find some useful information in http://www.sipura.com/products/spa3000.htm.
Graphical link with images
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